The Effects of the Coexistence Despite Immunization of Covid-19 and Rubella Infection in Pregnant Females and Their Neonates
Published: 2023-11-20
Page: 259-264
Issue: 2023 - Volume 6 [Issue 1]
Nayrouz Helmy Hassanein Mohamed Gezaf *
Health Plus Center, UAE.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Pregnancy is a very crucial yet delicate phase of a motther’s life. It is because of the several delicate and sensitive changes that take place in this phase that it is considered to be a crucial period where extreme care needs to be taken for the safe delivery of the fetus. Throughout pregnancy, there are several changes that need supervision and several parameters that need to be carefully evaluated to ensure that the neonate thrives in a healthy manner. The expecting mother has to receive several check-ups throughout her pregnancy to make sure that both she and the baby are doing fine and as expected according to the milestones of pregnancy. During this, a mother also receives some immunization and vaccination shots. These shots are given with the intention of preventing several infections that could affect a mother and her neonate in pregnancy. If these vaccination shots are not given within the specified time, then the mother may very much become predisposed to develop these infections that could have detrimental effects on both the mother and the baby. Therefore, it must be ensured that both the mother and the baby are in the optimal state of their health as a result of their continuous checkups and appointments with the doctor. This review will work to the occurrence of Rubella and the Coronavirus infection in expectant mothers who have already received immunization against the two pathogens. Although it is difficult for both conditions to co-exist, it is rarely seen and when it happens, it is important to explore the reasons as to what would have given rise to such a situation. Therefore, this review will serve this purpose and help to see the reasons and the resultant effects of getting infected with these infections during pregnancy.
Keywords: Rubella, COVID-19, pregnancy, pregnancy immunization, co-existence of infections, immunity
How to Cite
References
Arora M, Lakshmi R. Vaccines - safety in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2021 Oct;76:23–40.
Röbl-Mathieu M, Kunstein A, Liese J, Mertens T, Wojcinski M. Vaccination in pregnancy. Dtsch Ärztebl Int. 2021;18(15) :262–8.
Bonhoeffer J, Kochhar S, Hirschfeld S, Heath PT, Jones CE, Bauwens J, et al. Global alignment of immunization safety assessment in pregnancy - The GAIA project. Vaccine. 2016;34(49):5993–7.
Dad N, Buhmaid S, Mulik V. Vaccination in pregnancy - The when, what and how? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2021;265: 1–6.
Licata F, Romeo M, Riillo C, Di Gennaro G, Bianco A. Acceptance of recommended vaccinations during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study in Southern Italy. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1132751.
Marshall H, McMillan M, Andrews RM, Macartney K, Edwards K. Vaccines in pregnancy: The dual benefit for pregnant women and infants. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2016;12(4): 848–56.
Shukla S, Maraqa NF. Congenital Rubella. In: Stat Pearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507879/ Accessed on: 2023 Oct 17.
Josefson D. Rubella vaccine may be safe in early pregnancy. BMJ. 2001;322(7288): 695.
Kolawole OM, Anjorin EO, Adekanle DA, Kolawole CF, Durowade KA. Seroprevalence of Rubella IgG Antibody in Pregnant Women in Osogbo, Nigeria. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(3):287–92.
Mangtani P, Evans SJW, Lange B, Oberle D, Smith J, Drechsel-Baeuerle U, et al. Safety profile of rubella vaccine administered to pregnant women: A systematic review of pregnancy related adverse events following immunisation, including congenital rubella syndrome and congenital rubella infection in the foetus or infant. Vaccine. 2020;38(5):963–78.
Shukla S, Maraqa NF. Congenital Rubella. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507879/ Accessed on: 2023 Oct 17
Paramita DV, Purnami N. Profile of congenital rubella syndrome in Soetomo general hospital Surabaya, Indonesia. Infect Dis Rep. 2020;12(Suppl 1):8718.
Kaushik A, Verma S, Kumar P. Congenital rubella syndrome: A brief review of public health perspectives. Indian J Public Health. 2018;62(1):52–4.
Nana M, Nelson-Piercy C. COVID-19 in pregnancy. Clin Med. 2021;21(5):e446–50.
Allotey J, Fernandez S, Bonet M, Stallings E, Yap M, Kew T, et al. Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m3320.
Vousden N, Bunch K, Morris E, Simpson N, Gale C, O’Brien P, et al. The incidence, characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women hospitalized with symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in the UK from March to September 2020: A national cohort study using the UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS). PloS One. 2021;16(5):e0251123.
Knight M, Bunch K, Vousden N, Morris E, Simpson N, Gale C, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to hospital with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK: national population based cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369: m2107.
Overton EE, Goffman D, Friedman AM. The Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2022;65 (1):10–22.
Vaccine-induced autoimmunity: the role of molecular mimicry and immune crossreaction - PubMed [Internet]; 2018. Available:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29503439/
Accessed on: 2023 Oct 17].
Mysore V, Cullere X, Settles ML, Ji X, Kattan MW, Desjardins M, et al. Protective heterologous T cell immunity in COVID-19 induced by the trivalent MMR and Tdap vaccine antigens. Med N Y N. 2021;2(9): 1050-1071.e7.
Cattaruzza E, Radillo L, Ronchese F, Negro C, Rui F, De Michieli P, et al. COVID-19 susceptibility and vaccination coverage for measles, rubella and mumps in students and healthcare workers in Trieste hospitals (NE Italy). Vaccine X. 2022;10:100147.
Touati R, Elngar AA. Intelligent system based comparative analysis study of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and antigenic proteins in different types of vaccines. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci. 2022; 11(1):34.
Hassani D, Amiri MM, Maghsood F, Salimi V, Kardar GA, Barati O, et al. Does prior immunization with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines contribute to the antibody response to COVID-19 antigens? Iran J Immunol IJI. 2021;18(1): 47–53.